Vigilant monitoring will be key in keeping fall armyworm populations under control, thus preventing economic damage to maize and sweetcorn crops, Foundation for Arable Research biosecurity spokesperson Ivan Lawrie says.
Lawrie is urging early monitoring of crops, especially in milder regions such as Northland, Auckland and Waikato, where the tropical pest may winter over.
Fall armyworm (FAW) is a moth species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.
It is polyphagous, feeds on many different plants and crops, and has rapidly spread to several countries including Australia in 2020, where it is believed to have been blown by wind to New Zealand.
FAW can attack crops at all stages, but its control is much more effective when larvae are small and are feeding on leaves.
Treatment is best between maize plant emergence and growth stage V6, before larvae can hide in the whorl, Lawrie said.
“International literature says you only need to hit it once. The key is to get it early.”
Application of an insecticide is economic for maize only if more than 20% of the plants have significant foliar damage.
The application is more effective on FAW up to the third larvae instar as they are more prone on the plant’s foliage and have not yet become entrenched.
An insecticide treatment also controls the first generation of FAW, slowing down populations.
For serious economic damage to occur, more than one or two generations of FAW are required on a crop to build up numbers.
“Modellers suggest that there should be only three generations doing active damage in NZ and probably one more in Northland.
Living up to its “fall” name, FAW builds up its population towards autumn as it completes more life cycles, so later-sown crops are more vulnerable.
“FAW is less of a problem for silage growers and more of a problem for maize grain growers and particularly sweetcorn producers.”
The insecticide Sparta is on label for aerial and ground applications for controlling FAW on maize and sweetcorn crops with other products expected to become available.
Early action also means a ground application can be made rather than a more expensive aerial treatment.
Growers are advised to avoid the use of insecticides that are ineffective on FAW and potentially harmful to beneficial insects such as the parasitic wasp Cotesia sp.that appears to be having an impact on FAW populations.
Overseas, FAW has become resistant to some insecticides.
An initial biosecurity response from April 2022, when FAW was first confirmed in NZ, has now shifted into long-term management led by industry groups including Seed and Grain Readiness and Response (SGRR), of which FAR is a member.
Lawrie said more than 80% of inquiries from growers about pest activity are not FAW as there are a lot of lookalikes, including tropical armyworm, cosmopolitan armyworm and corn earworm.
FAW larvae has key identification features including an inverted “Y” marking on the head area and four large spots in a square arrangement on the second to last segment.
Last season most early sightings, as expected, were in Northland and later in Waikato with a scattering of confirmed cases across the North Island.
“What we weren’t expecting were finds on the South Island’s West Coast although we now realise the region has frost-free pockets.”
There was also one find in North Canterbury in sweetcorn, but this was late in the season with other pests responsible for most crop damage.
FAW has no dormant period and so needs a food source to overwinter in frost-free regions.
“Anything that is green will enable it to overwinter and it has been observed on ryegrass and clover in a harvested maize paddock as well as volunteer maize.”
Research is being targeted at understanding potential green bridges, the pest’s overwintering capabilities, biological control, insecticide efficacy and management and the development of an online FAW alert tool using real-time climate data to provide growers with an indication of high-risk periods.
